affections

And most persons whom I have asked the reason of this have said that when men act contrary to knowledge they are overcome by pain, or pleasure, or some of those AFFECTIONS which I was just now mentioning. PROTAGORAS

Nor had you any curiosity to know other States or their laws : your AFFECTIONS did not go beyond us and our State ; we were your special favorites, and you acquiesced in our government of you ; and this is the State in which you begat your children, which is a proof of your satisfaction. CRITO

Simple and foolish as I am, the Gods have given me the power of understanding AFFECTIONS of this kind. LYSIS

And I should imagine that this is equally true of the soul, Callicles ; when a man is stripped of the body, all the natural or acquired AFFECTIONS of the soul are laid open to view. GORGIAS

But the love of young boys should be forbidden by law, because their future is uncertain ; they may turn out good or bad, either in body or soul, and much noble enthusiasm may be thrown away upon them ; in this matter the good are a law to themselves, and the coarser sort of lovers ought to be restrained by force ; as we restrain or attempt to restrain them from fixing their AFFECTIONS on women of free birth. SYMPOSIUM

And is the soul in agreement with the AFFECTIONS of the body ? PHAEDO

But we have already acknowledged that the soul, being a harmony, can never utter a note at variance with the tensions and relaxations and vibrations and other AFFECTIONS of the strings out of which she is composed ; she can only follow, she cannot lead them ? PHAEDO

Do you think that Homer could have written this under the idea that the soul is a harmony capable of being led by the AFFECTIONS of the body, and not rather of a nature which leads and masters them ; and herself a far diviner thing than any harmony ? PHAEDO

And I thought that I would then go and ask him about the sun and moon and stars, and that he would explain to me their comparative swiftness, and their returnings and various states, and how their several AFFECTIONS, active and passive, were all for the best. PHAEDO

But first of all, let us view the AFFECTIONS and actions of the soul divine and human, and try to ascertain the truth about them. PHAEDRUS

Thirdly, having classified men and speeches, and their kinds and AFFECTIONS, and adapted them to one another, he will tell the reasons of his arrangement, and show why one soul is persuaded by a particular form of argument, and another not. PHAEDRUS

Their first principle is, that all is motion, and upon this all the AFFECTIONS of which we were just now speaking, are supposed to depend : there is nothing but motion, which has two forms, one active and the other passive, both in endless number ; and out of the union and friction of them there is generated a progeny endless in number, having two forms, sense and the object of sense, which are ever breaking forth and coming to the birth at the same moment. THEAETETUS

Because likeness is sameness of AFFECTIONS. PARMENIDES

That which is affected otherwise than itself or another, will be unlike itself or another, for sameness of AFFECTIONS is likeness. PARMENIDES

But the one did not partake of those AFFECTIONS ? PARMENIDES

And must be the same with itself, and other than itself ; and also the same with the others, and other than the others ; this follows from its previous AFFECTIONS. PARMENIDES

All these, then, are the AFFECTIONS of the one, if the one has being. PARMENIDES

Let us show then, if one is, what will be the AFFECTIONS of the others than the one. PARMENIDES

Considered, then, in regard to either one of their AFFECTIONS, they will be like themselves and one another ; considered in reference to both of them together, most opposed and most unlike. PARMENIDES

And they are the same and also different from one another, and in motion and at rest, and experience every sort of opposite affection, as may be proved without difficulty of them, since they have been shown to have experienced the AFFECTIONS aforesaid ? PARMENIDES

Then let us begin again, and ask, If one is, what must be the AFFECTIONS of the others ? PARMENIDES

A thing of which I have already spoken ; — letting alone these puzzles as involving no difficulty, he should be able to follow, and criticize in detail every argument, and when a man says that the same is in a manner other, or that other is the same, to understand and refute him from his own point of view, and in the same respect in which he asserts either of these AFFECTIONS. SOPHIST

For great as was the advancing and retiring flood which provided nourishment, the AFFECTIONS produced by external contact caused still greater tumult — when the body of any one met and came into collision with some external fire, or with the solid earth or the gliding waters, or was caught in the tempest borne on the air, and the motions produced by any of these impulses were carried through the body to the soul. TIMAEUS

And by reason of all these AFFECTIONS, the soul, when encased in a mortal body, now, as in the beginning, is at first without intelligence ; but when the flood of growth and nutriment abates, and the courses of the soul, calming down, go their own way and become steadier as time goes on, then the several circles return to their natural form, and their revolutions are corrected, and they call the same and the other by their right names, and make the possessor of them to become a rational being. TIMAEUS

Thus have I concisely given the result of my thoughts ; and my verdict is that being and space and generation, these three, existed in their three ways before the heaven ; and that the nurse of generation, moistened by water and inflamed by fire, and receiving the forms of earth and air, and experiencing all the AFFECTIONS which accompany these, presented a strange variety of appearances ; and being full of powers which were neither similar nor equally balanced, was never in any part in a state of equipoise, but swaying unevenly hither and thither, was shaken by them, and by its motion again shook them ; and the elements when moved were separated and carried continually, some one way, some another ; as, when rain is shaken and winnowed by fans and other instruments used in the threshing of corn, the close and heavy particles are borne away and settle in one direction, and the loose and light particles TIMAEUS

And owing to these AFFECTIONS, all things are changing their place, for by the motion of the receiving vessel the bulk of each class is distributed into its proper place ; but those things which become unlike themselves and like other things, are hurried by the shaking into the place of the things to which they grow like. TIMAEUS

I have thus shown the various classes of bodies as they are diversified by their forms and combinations and changes into one another, and now I must endeavour to set forth their AFFECTIONS and the causes of them. TIMAEUS

And these things cannot be adequately explained without also explaining the AFFECTIONS which are concerned with sensation, nor the latter without the former : and yet to explain them together is hardly possible ; for which reason we must assume first one or the other and afterwards examine the nature of our hypothesis. TIMAEUS

In order, then, that the AFFECTIONS may follow regularly after the elements, let us presuppose the existence of body and soul. TIMAEUS

The most important of the AFFECTIONS which concern the whole body remains to be considered — that is, the cause of pleasure and pain in the perceptions of which I have been speaking, and in all other things which are perceived by sense through the parts of the body, and have both pains and pleasures attendant on them. TIMAEUS

On the other hand the impression of sense which is most easily produced is most readily felt, but is not accompanied by Pleasure or pain ; such, for example, are the AFFECTIONS of the sight, which, as we said above, is a body naturally uniting with our body in the day-time ; for cuttings and burnings and other AFFECTIONS which happen to the sight do not give pain, nor is there pleasure when the sight returns to its natural state ; but the sensations are dearest and strongest according to the manner in which the eye is affected by the object, and itself strikes and touches it ; there is no violence either in the contraction or dilation of the eye. TIMAEUS

Thus have we discussed the general AFFECTIONS of the whole body, and the names of the agents which produce them. TIMAEUS

And now I will endeavour to speak of the AFFECTIONS of particular parts, and the causes and agents of them, as far as I am able. TIMAEUS

In the first place let us set forth what was omitted when we were speaking of juices, concerning the AFFECTIONS peculiar to the tongue. TIMAEUS

These too, like most of the other AFFECTIONS, appear to be caused by certain contractions and dilations, but they have besides more of roughness and smoothness than is found in other AFFECTIONS ; for whenever earthy particles enter into the small veins which are the testing of the tongue, reaching to the heart, and fall upon the moist, delicate portions of flesh — when, as they are dissolved, they contract and dry up the little veins, they are astringent if they are rougher, but if not so rough, then only harsh. TIMAEUS

air which are there, they set them whirling about one another, and while they are in a whirl cause them to dash against and enter into one another, and so form hollows surrounding the particles that enter — which watery vessels of air (for a film of moisture, sometimes earthy, sometimes pure, is spread around the air) are hollow spheres of water ; and those of them which are pure, are transparent, and are called bubbles, while those composed of the earthy liquid, which is in a state of general agitation and effervescence, are said to boil or ferment — of all these AFFECTIONS the cause is termed acid. TIMAEUS

And there is the opposite affection arising from an opposite cause, when the mass of entering particles, immersed in the moisture of the mouth, is congenial to the tongue, and smooths and oils over the roughness, and relaxes the parts which are unnaturally contracted, and contracts the parts which are relaxed, and disposes them all according to their nature — that sort of remedy of violent AFFECTIONS is pleasant and agreeable to every man, and has the name sweet. TIMAEUS

made it to be the vehicle of the so and constructed within the body a soul of another nature which was mortal, subject to terrible and irresistible AFFECTIONS — first of all, pleasure, the greatest incitement to evil ; then, pain, which deters from good ; also rashness and fear, two foolish counsellors, anger hard to be appeased, and hope easily led astray — these they mingled with irrational sense and with all-daring love according to necessary laws, and so framed man. TIMAEUS

And if these bodily AFFECTIONS be severe, still worse are the prior disorders ; as when the bone itself, by reason of the density of the flesh, does not obtain sufficient air, but becomes mouldy and hot and gangrened and receives no nutriment, and the natural process is inverted, and the bone crumbling passes into the food, and the food into the flesh, and the flesh again falling into the blood makes all maladies that may occur more virulent than those already mentioned. TIMAEUS

And the separate parts should be treated in the same manner, in imitation of the pattern of the universe ; for as the body is heated and also cooled within by the elements which enter into it, and is again dried up and moistened by external things, and experiences these and the like AFFECTIONS from both kinds of motions, the result is that the body if given up to motion when in a state of quiescence is overmastered and perishes ; but if any one, in imitation of that which we call the foster-mother and nurse of the universe, will not allow the body ever to be inactive, but is always producing motions and agitations through its whole extent, which form the natural defence against other motions both internal and external, and by moderate exercise reduces to order according to their affinities the particles and AFFECTIONS which are wandering about the body, as we have TIMAEUS

by external things, and experiences these and the like AFFECTIONS from both kinds of motions, the result is that the body if given up to motion when in a state of quiescence is overmastered and perishes ; but if any one, in imitation of that which we call the foster-mother and nurse of the universe, will not allow the body ever to be inactive, but is always producing motions and agitations through its whole extent, which form the natural defence against other motions both internal and external, and by moderate exercise reduces to order according to their affinities the particles and AFFECTIONS which are wandering about the body, as we have already said when speaking of the universe, he will not allow enemy placed by the side of enemy to stir up wars and disorders in the body, but he will place friend by the side of friend, so as to create health. TIMAEUS

But when you have learned what sounds are high and what low, and the number and nature of the intervals and their limits or proportions, and the systems compounded out of them, which our fathers discovered, and have handed down to us who are their descendants under the name of harmonies ; and the AFFECTIONS corresponding to them in the movements of the human body, which when measured by numbers ought, as they say, to be called rhythms and measures ; and they tell us that the same principle should be applied to every one and many ; — when, I say, you have learned all this, then, my dear friend, you are perfect ; and you may be said to understand any other subject, when you have a similar grasp of it. PHILEBUS

Let us imagine AFFECTIONS of the body which are extinguished before they reach the soul, and leave her unaffected ; and again, other AFFECTIONS which vibrate through both soul and body, and impart a shock to both and to each of them. PHILEBUS

Let me make a further observation ; the argument appears to me to imply that there is a kind of life which consists in these AFFECTIONS. PHILEBUS

Of what AFFECTIONS, and of what kind of life, are you speaking ? PHILEBUS

And do not people who are in a fever, or any similar illness, feel cold or thirst or other bodily AFFECTIONS more intensely ? PHILEBUS

Why but to convince you that there was no difficulty in showing the mixed nature of fear and love and similar AFFECTIONS ; and I thought that when I had given you the illustration, you would have let me off, and have acknowledged as a general truth that the body without the soul, and the soul without the body, as well as the two united, are susceptible of all sorts of admixtures of pleasures and pains ; and so further discussion would have been unnecessary. PHILEBUS

But we do know, that these AFFECTIONS in us are like cords and strings, which pull us different and opposite ways, and to opposite actions ; and herein lies the difference between virtue and vice. LAWS

And when some one applies external agitation to AFFECTIONS of this sort, the motion coming from without gets the better of the terrible and violent internal one, and produces a peace and calm in the soul, and quiets the restless palpitation of the heart, which is a thing much to be desired, sending the children to sleep, and making the Bacchantes, although they remain awake, to dance to the pipe with the help of the Gods to whom they offer acceptable sacrifices, and producing in them a sound mind, which takes the place of their frenzy. LAWS VII

For we know that God, who has the privilege of the divine portion, is remote from these AFFECTIONS of pain and pleasure, but has a share of intelligence and knowledge in every sphere ; and the heaven being filled full of live creatures, [985b] they interpret all men and all things both to one another and to the most exalted gods, because the middle creatures move both to earth and to the whole of heaven with a lightly rushing motion. EPINOMIS XII

And a State was thought by us to be just when the three classes in the State severally did their own business ; and also thought to be temperate and valiant and wise by reason of certain other AFFECTIONS and qualities of these same classes ? THE REPUBLIC IV

my friend, I replied, is not the word ; say rather, “must be affirmed :” for he whose nature is amorous of anything cannot help loving all that belongs or is akin to the object of his AFFECTIONS. THE REPUBLIC VI

And the same may be said of lust and anger and all the other AFFECTIONS, of desire, and pain, and pleasure, which are held to be inseparable from every action — in all of them poetry feeds and waters the passions instead of drying them up ; she lets them rule, although they ought to be controlled, if mankind are ever to increase in happiness and virtue. THE REPUBLIC X

Of her AFFECTIONS and of the forms which she takes in this present life I think that we have now said enough. THE REPUBLIC X

Men who have not yet seen Him desire Him as the Good; those who have, admire Him as sovereign beauty, struck simultaneously with stupor and pleasure, thrilling in a painless orgasm, loving with a genuine emotion, with an ardor without equal, scorning all other AFFECTIONS, and disdaining those things which formerly they characterized as beautiful. Tratado 1, 7
Let us take a soul, not one inside of a body, which is undergoing the irrational motions of appetite and anger, and the other AFFECTIONS born of the body, but a soul that has eliminated all that, and which, so far as possible, had no intercourse with the body. Tratado 2, 10
True, bodies will obey the impulses necessarily communicated to them by the atoms; but how could you explain the operations and AFFECTIONS of the soul by movements of atoms? Tratado 3, 3
It is noticed that the other animals and vegetables increase or decrease according to the kind of sympathy existing between them and the stars, that all other things experience their influence, that various regions of the earth differ according to their adjustment with the stars, and especially the sun; that from the nature of these regions depend not only the character of the plants and animals, but also human forms, size, color, AFFECTIONS, passions, tastes, and customs. Tratado 3, 5
Heredity also should be considered; for children usually resemble their parents by their features, form, and some AFFECTIONS of the irrational soul. Tratado 3, 5
Granting the existence of different beings, the same principle need not experience in each the same AFFECTIONS. Tratado 8, 2
Nevertheless, it is neither absurd nor paradoxical to insist that the same principle is both in you and in me; and this does not necessarily make us feel the identical AFFECTIONS. Tratado 8, 2
To make you feel the same as I do, our two bodies would have to constitute but a single one; then, being thus united, our souls would perceive the same AFFECTIONS. Tratado 8, 2
Now, just as the impression perceived by one of my parts is not necessarily felt all over my body, while that which happens to the principal organ is felt by all the other parts, likewise, the impressions that the universe communicates to the individual are clearer, because usually the parts perceive the same AFFECTIONS as the All, while it is not evident that the particular AFFECTIONS that we feel would be also experienced by the Whole. Tratado 8, 2
They insist that there is but one kind of matter, which serves as substrate to the elements, and that it constitutes “being”; that all other things are only AFFECTIONS (“passions”) of matter, or modified matter: as are the elements. Tratado 12, 1
As to the things which arrest our gaze, we should distinguish them from the quiddity, and define them by the qualities of sense (objects); for they do not constitute the being, but the AFFECTIONS of being. Tratado 17, 1
Each part of the soul, for instance, that which inheres in the finger, would feel its individual AFFECTIONS, remaining foreign to all the rest, while remaining within itself. Tratado 21, 2
Sensations are not AFFECTIONS, but actualizations, and judgments, relative to passions. Tratado 26, 1
The AFFECTIONS occur in what is other (than the soul); that is, in the organized body, and the judgment in the soul. Tratado 26, 1
If, on the contrary, she be a “being” that is unextended, and incorruptible, we must take care not to attribute to her AFFECTIONS that might imply that she is perishable. Tratado 26, 1
If an immaterial principle were exposed to undergo AFFECTIONS, it would no longer remain what it is. Tratado 26, 2
It is impossible to deny that pain, anger, joy, appetite and fear are changes and AFFECTIONS which occur in the soul, and that move her. Tratado 26, 3
We have already mentioned it, when treating of all the “passions” (that is, AFFECTIONS), which were related to the irascible-part and appetitive part of the soul; but we are going to return to a study of this part, and explain its name, the “passional” (or, affective) part. Tratado 26, 4
Amidst these AFFECTIONS, some are born of opinion; thus, we feel fear or joy, according as we expect to die, or as we hope to attain some good; then the “opinion” is in the soul, and the “affection” in the body. Tratado 26, 4
Further, if such part of the soul underwent such AFFECTIONS these modifications would not reach the body; for that affected part of the soul would no longer be able to exercise its functions, being dominated by passion, and thus incapacitated. Tratado 26, 4
Thus the affective part (of the soul, without itself being affected) is the cause of the AFFECTIONS, whether the movement proceed from it, that is, from sense-imagination, or whether they occur without (distinct) imagination. Tratado 26, 4
If then, from the very start, the soul undergo no AFFECTIONS, what then is the use of trying to render her impassible by means of philosophy? Tratado 26, 5
In the latter case, none of these images, which are the causes of AFFECTIONS, form within the soul. Tratado 26, 5
Again, that is why we can say that AFFECTIONS are produced by representations of exterior entities, considering these representations as AFFECTIONS of the soul. Tratado 26, 5
To purify the soul is to isolate her, preventing her from attaching herself to other things, from considering them, from receiving opinions alien to her, whatever these (alien) opinions or AFFECTIONS might be, as we have said; it consequently means hindering her from consideration of these phantoms, and from the production of their related AFFECTIONS. Tratado 26, 5
While studying those psychoses called AFFECTIONS, we discover that the more corporeal an object is, the more is it likely to be affected; the earth is more so than other elements, and so on. Tratado 26, 6
Plato agreed with this, and being persuaded that, by participation, matter does not receive form and shape, as would some substrate that should constitute a composite of things intimately united by their transformation, their mixture, and their common AFFECTIONS; in order to demonstrate the opposite, namely, that matter remains impassible while receiving forms, invented a most apposite illustration of a participation that operates without anything being affected (namely, that engravers, before using dies on the soft wax, clean them carefully). Tratado 26, 12
Plato demonstrates the permanence and identity of matter by showing that it is by the figures with which it is endued that matter affects animated bodies, without itself suffering any of their AFFECTIONS. Tratado 26, 12
When the qualities constitutive of these beings are destroyed, or when they combine, or when they undergo some change contrary to their nature, the AFFECTIONS relate to the body, as the perceptions do to the soul. Tratado 26, 19
The latter indeed knows all the AFFECTIONS that produce a lively impression. Tratado 26, 19
Doubtless we will have to acknowledge that there are AFFECTIONS which pass from the body into the soul; but there are also AFFECTIONS which belong exclusively to the soul, because the soul is a real being, with characteristic nature and activities. Tratado 27, 26
The AFFECTIONS exist since the beginning in the inferior soul; in the superior soul, as a result of her dealings with the other, there are also some AFFECTIONS, but only proper AFFECTIONS. Tratado 27, 31
Consequently memory, even should it apply itself to the very best things, is not the best thing possible; for it consists not only in feeling that one remembers, but also in finding oneself in a disposition conformable to the AFFECTIONS, to the earlier intuitions which are remembered. Tratado 28, 4
Isolated, the soul is impassible, indivisible, and by her condition escapes all AFFECTIONS. Tratado 28, 18
As a result of enchantments, therefore, it is possible to experience sicknesses, and even death; and, in general, all the AFFECTIONS relative to the body. Tratado 28, 43
The parts of each small organism undergo changes and sympathetic AFFECTIONS which are not much felt, because these parts are not individual organisms (and they exist only for some time, and in some kinds of organisms). Tratado 28, 45
To this it may be answered that there is no necessity for the AFFECTIONS to be experienced by the medium, inasmuch as the affection is already experienced by the eye, whose function consists precisely in being affected by color; or at least, if the medium be affected, its affection differs from that of the eye. Tratado 29, 1
This communication therefore seems based on sympathetic AFFECTIONS. Tratado 29, 1
In the case of a single organism, our demonstration suffices, and all things will experience common AFFECTIONS so far as they constitute parts of the single organism. Tratado 29, 8
Consequently, he who affects to scorn existence and life receives a refutation from himself and from all the AFFECTIONS he feels. Tratado 38, 29
Besides, nothing that we have said would militate against distinguishing between the man of strong and tenacious soul who would be inclined to read over what is recalled by his memory, while he who lets many things escape him would by his very weakness be disposed to experience and preserve passive AFFECTIONS. Tratado 41, 3
Might it then be said that the other things are AFFECTIONS (or, modifications), and that the beings are (hierarchically) subordinated to each other in a different manner? Tratado 42, 3
Shall the AFFECTIONS which consist in the forms and powers, and their contraries, the privations, be called qualities? Tratado 42, 10
How then arise these AFFECTIONS common to the soul and the body? Tratado 53, 5
Reason, therefore, does not allow us to consider all AFFECTIONS as common to soul and body. Tratado 53, 5