Igal
7 Entonces, ¿por qué el hombre que vive feliz desea la presencia de estas cosas y rechaza las contrarias? Responderemos que no es porque contribuyan a la felicidad en parte alguna, sino más bien a la existencia, mientras las contrarias o contribuyen a la no existencia o son, con su presencia, un estorbo para el fin, no porque le priven de él, sino porque quien tiene lo mejor, quiere tener eso solo, y no junto con ello, otra cosa que, cuando está presente, no le priva de lo mejor, es verdad, pero coexiste, no obstante, con lo mejor. Pero, en general, no es verdad que el hombre feliz, en presencia de lo que no quiere, pierda ya un punto de su felicidad. Si no, cada día sufriría mudanza y caería derrocado de su felicidad, por ejemplo, al perder un esclavo o una cualquiera de sus posesiones. Y hay mil percances posibles que, aun no resultando conforme a sus previsiones, no por eso remueven un ápice del fin que le está presente.
Pero nos referimos — dicen — a los grandes desastres, no a un percance cualquiera.
Pero ¿cuál de las cosas humanas es tan grande que no haya de ser desdeñada por quien se ha remontado por encima de todas ellas y no depende ya de ninguna de las de acá abajo? ¿Por qué no considera importantes los favores de la fortuna, por grandes que sean — como reinos, imperios sobre ciudades y pueblos, colonizaciones y fundaciones de ciudades, ni aunque las haya fundado él mismo — y ha de tener, en cambio, por cosa importante los derrocamientos de imperios y el arrasamiento de su propia ciudad? Y si los reputara por grandes males o por males en absoluto, haría el ridículo con semejante creencia y dejaría de ser hombre serio si reputara por cosa importante las vigas, las piedras y ¡por Zeus! las muertes de los mortales, cuando la creencia que decimos que debe abrigar sobre la muerte es que es preferible a la vida con el cuerpo. Y si él mismo muriera sacrificado, ¿pensaría que la muerte era un mal para él por haber muerto cabe el altar? Y si no fuera enterrado, al fin y al cabo su cuerpo se pudrirá lo mismo, yazga sobre tierra o bajo tierra. Y si es por no haber sido sepultado suntuosamente, sino anónimamente, sin ser considerado digno de un soberbio mausoleo, ¡qué pequenez de espíritu! Pero si lo llevaran prisionero, «bien a la mano tienes un camino» de salida, si no hay posibilidad de ser feliz.
Pero ¿si son sus familiares los prisioneros, aquello de «arrastradas las nueras y las hijas»?
¿Y qué?, responderemos. Supongamos que muriera sin haber presenciado ningún suceso de este tipo. ¿Pensaría, al partir, que no era posible que sucedieran tales cosas? Sería absurdo pensar así. ¿No pensaría más bien en la posibilidad de que sus familiares cayeran en semejantes desgracias? ¿Y dejaría de ser feliz por pensar en tal eventualidad? No. Sería feliz aun pensando así. Pues también lo será aunque suceda así. Reflexionaría, efectivamente, que este universo es de tal naturaleza que no hay más remedio que sobrellevar tales males y atenerse a ellos. Y a muchos incluso les irá mejor si caen prisioneros. Pero es que además en su mano está el partir, si se sienten apesadumbrados. O si no, si se quedan, o se quedan con razón y no hay nada que temer, o, si se quedan sin razón, no debiendo quedarse, ellos son responsables ante sí mismos. Porque cierto es que el hombre feliz no caerá en mal alguno por la necedad de los demás, aunque sean sus familiares, ni estará pendiente de la buena o mala ventura de los demás.
Bouillet
Bréhier
7. — Alors, pourquoi l’homme heureux veut-il les garder et repousse-t-il leurs contraires ? — Nous dirons qu’ils apportent leur part non pas au bonheur, mais à l’existence ; les incommodités contraires tendent à lui faire perdre l’existence, ou font obstacle au bonheur qui est notre fin ; non qu’elles le suppriment ; mais celui qui possède la chose la meilleure veut la posséder seule et sans rien d’autre ; or les incommodités, si elles ne suppriment pas le bonheur par leur présence, existent pourtant à côté de lui. Mais si l’homme heureux éprouve un désavantage qu’il n’a pas voulu, rien ne lui est enlevé de son bonheur ; sinon, chaque jour, avec tous les changements qu’il éprouve, il déchoirait de son bonheur ! Par exemple, il peut perdre son enfant ou sa fortune ; il peut arriver mille accidents contraires à sa volonté ; mais ces accidents n’ébranlent pas la fin qu’il a atteinte. — Oui, dit-on, les accidents vulgaires, mais non les grands malheurs. — Qu’y-a-t-il d’assez grand dans les choses humaines pour ne pas être dédaigné par celui qui les a surmontées et n’a plus d’attache aux choses d’en bas ? Et s’il estime que l’heureuse fortune, si haute qu’elle soit, n’est pas une grande chose, même celle d’un roi, d’un souverain de cités et de peuples, d’un fondateur de colonies et de cités (cette fortune fût-elle la sienne), pourquoi considérera-t-il comme une grande chose la chute d’un empire et le bouleversement de sa cité ? Et s’il estimait que c’est un grand mal ou même un mal, il aurait une opinion ridicule et ne serait plus un sage. Voilà de grandes choses ! Du bois, de la pierre, et, par Zeus, la mort d’êtres mortels ; et c’est lui, disons-nous, qui devrait avoir cette doctrine que la mort vaut mieux que la vie avec le corps ! S’il sert de victime, regarde-t-il la mort comme un mal pour lui, parce qu’il est mort près des autels ? S’il n’est pas enterré, son corps pourrira aussi bien sur terre que sous terre. S’il est enterré sans luxe et sans épitaphe, si on ne l’a pas jugé digne d’un tombeau élevé, c’est de la petitesse d’esprit d’en souffrir. Est-il emmené comme prisonnier de guerre ? Il a une voie pour s’en aller, s’il ne lui est plus possible d’être heureux. Mais ce sont ses proches qui sont faits prisonniers, par exemple ses brus ou ses filles… (Quoi donc ! dirons-nous ; s’il meurt sans avoir vu choses pareilles, va-t-il croire, en s’en allant, qu’elles étaient impossibles ? Ce serait bien absurde ; il croira plutôt qu’il était possible que les siens tombent en de tels malheurs. Et parce qu’il croit que ces malheurs arriveront, en sera-t-il moins heureux ? Certainement, malgré cette croyance, il est heureux ; il est donc aussi heureux quand ils arrivent. Il réfléchit que la nature de ce monde est telle qu’il faut supporter ces accidents et s’y prêterla.) Bien des prisonniers de guerre sont plus heureux qu’auparavant ; et si leurs maux leur pèsent, il dépend d’eux de quitter la vie ; s’ils restent, ou bien ils ont raison, et leur sort n’a rien de redoutable, ou bien ils n’ont pas raison, ils restent, alors qu’il faut partir, et ils sont cause de leur malheur. Et pour la sottise d’autrui et même de ses proches, le sage ne se rendra pas lui-même malheureux ; il ne liera pas son sort à la bonne chance ou à la malchance des autres.
Guthrie
EVILS WHICH THE WISE MAN CAN SUPPORT WITHOUT DISTURBANCE OF HIS HAPPINESS.
7. Why then does the happy man desire to enjoy the presence of these advantages, and the absence of their contraries? It must be because they contribute, not to his happiness, but to his existence; because their contraries tend to make him lose existence, hindering the enjoyment of the good, without however removing it. Besides, he who possesses what is best wishes to possess it purely, without any mixture. Nevertheless, when a foreign obstacle occurs, the good still persists even in spite of this obstacle. In short, if some accident happen to the happy man against his will, his happiness is in no way affected thereby. Otherwise, he would change and lose his happiness daily; as if, for instance, he had to mourn a son, or if he lost some of his possessions. Many events may occur against his wish without disturbing him in the enjoyment of the good he has attained. It may be objected that it is the great misfortunes, and not trifling accidents (which can disturb the happiness of the wise man). Nevertheless, in human things, is there any great enough not to be scorned by him who has climbed to a principle superior to all, and who no longer depends on lower things? Such a man will not be able to see anything great in the favors of fortune, whatever they be, as in being king, in commanding towns, or peoples; in founding or building cities, even though he himself should receive that glory; he will attach no importance to the loss of his power, or even to the ruin of his fatherland. If he consider all that as a great evil, or even only as an evil, he will have a ridiculous opinion. He will no longer be a virtuous man; for, as Jupiter is my witness, he would be highly valuing mere wood, or stones, birth, or death; while he should insist on the incontestable truth that death is better than the corporeal life (as held by Herodotus). Even though he were sacrificed, he would not consider death any worse merely because it occurred at the feet of the altars. Being buried is really of small importance, for his body will rot as well above as below ground (as thought Theodorus of Cyrene). Neither will he grieve at being buried without pomp and vulgar ostentation, and to have seemed unworthy of being placed in a magnificent tomb. That would be smallness of mind. If he were carried off as a captive, he would still have a road open to leave life, in the case that he should no longer be allowed to hope for happiness. (Nor would he be troubled if the members . of his family, such as sons (?) and daughters (and female relatives ?) were carried off into captivity. If he had arrived to the end of his life without seeing such occurrences (we would indeed be surprised). Would he leave this world supposing that such things cannot happen? Such an opinion would be absurd. Would he not have realized that his own kindred were exposed to such dangers? The opinion that such things could happen will not make him any less happy. No, he will be happy even with that belief. He would still be so even should that occur; he will indeed reflect that such is the nature of this world, that one must undergo such accidents, and submit. Often perhaps men dragged into captivity will live better (than in liberty); and besides, if their captivity be insupportable, it is in their power to release themselves. If they remain, it is either because their reason so induces them—and then their lot cannot be too hard; or it is against the dictates of their reason, in which case they have none but themselves to blame. The wise man, therefore, will not be unhappy because of the folly of his own people; he will not allow his lot to depend on the happiness or misfortunes of other people.
MacKenna
7. Then why are these conditions sought and their contraries repelled by the man established in happiness?
Here is our answer:
These more pleasant conditions cannot, it is true, add any particle towards the Sage’s felicity: but they do serve towards the integrity of his being, while the presence of the contraries tends against his Being or complicates the Term: it is not that the Sage can be so easily deprived of the Term achieved but simply that he that holds the highest good desires to have that alone, not something else at the same time, something which, though it cannot banish the Good by its incoming, does yet take place by its side.
In any case if the man that has attained felicity meets some turn of fortune that he would not have chosen, there is not the slightest lessening of his happiness for that. If there were, his felicity would be veering or falling from day to day; the death of a child would bring him down, or the loss of some trivial possession. No: a thousand mischances and disappointments may befall him and leave him still in the tranquil possession of the Term.
But, they cry, great disasters, not the petty daily chances!
What human thing, then, is great, so as not to be despised by one who has mounted above all we know here, and is bound now no longer to anything below?
If the Sage thinks all fortunate events, however momentous, to be no great matter- kingdom and the rule over cities and peoples, colonisations and the founding of states, even though all be his own handiwork- how can he take any great account of the vacillations of power or the ruin of his fatherland? Certainly if he thought any such event a great disaster, or any disaster at all, he must be of a very strange way of thinking. One that sets great store by wood and stones, or… Zeus… by mortality among mortals cannot yet be the Sage, whose estimate of death, we hold, must be that it is better than life in the body.
But suppose that he himself is offered a victim in sacrifice?
Can he think it an evil to die beside the altars?
But if he go unburied?
Wheresoever it lie, under earth or over earth, his body will always rot.
But if he has been hidden away, not with costly ceremony but in an unnamed grave, not counted worthy of a towering monument?
The littleness of it!
But if he falls into his enemies’ hands, into prison?
There is always the way towards escape, if none towards well-being.
But if his nearest be taken from him, his sons and daughters dragged away to captivity?
What then, we ask, if he had died without witnessing the wrong? Could he have quitted the world in the calm conviction that nothing of all this could happen? He must be very shallow. Can he fail to see that it is possible for such calamities to overtake his household, and does he cease to be a happy man for the knowledge of what may occur? In the knowledge of the possibility he may be at ease; so, too, when the evil has come about.
He would reflect that the nature of this All is such as brings these things to pass and man must bow the head.
Besides in many cases captivity will certainly prove an advantage; and those that suffer have their freedom in their hands: if they stay, either there is reason in their staying, and then they have no real grievance, or they stay against reason, when they should not, and then they have themselves to blame. Clearly the absurdities of his neighbours, however near, cannot plunge the Sage into evil: his state cannot hang upon the fortunes good or bad of any other men.