Platonismo

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===== ARISTÓTELES (POLÍTICA:1253A9 E SEG.) – EXPRESSÃO VOCAL (PHONE) =====
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Assim, o homem é um animal cívico, mais social do que as abelhas e os outros animais que vivem juntos. A natureza, que nada faz em vão, concedeu apenas a ele o dom da palavra, que não devemos confundir com os sons da voz. Estes são apenas a expressão de sensações agradáveis ou desagradáveis, de que os outros animais são, como nós, capazes. A natureza deu-lhes um órgão limitado a este único efeito; nós, porém, temos a mais, senão o conhecimento desenvolvido, pelo menos o sentimento obscuro do bem e do mal, do útil e do nocivo, do justo e do injusto, objetos para a manifestação dos quais nos foi principalmente dado o órgão da fala. Este comércio da palavra é o laço de toda sociedade doméstica e civil.

<tabbox tradução em inglês da versão de Heidegger>
In the mode of speaking about . . . human beings uniquely have their being-there among that which lives. Vocal announcing (φωνή) is an indicating (σημεῖον) of ἡδύ and of λυπηρóν, of what is pleasing and of what is distressing, of what supports and upsets being-there, and therefore it (φωνή) is at hand as a mode of living alongside other living things (human beings possess this announcing as well, but it is not the ἴδιον, the ‘peculiarity,’ that constitutes the being of human beings). The being-possibility of animals has of itself reached this mode of being, having perception of what constitutes well-being and being-upset, being oriented toward this and indicating this to one another. However, speaking is, as such, more than this, having in itself the function of making manifest (δηλοῦν) (not simply referring, but being such that what it refers to is made to speak), making manifest the beneficial and the harmful, and thereby the proper and improper too. That is, what distinguishes the being of human beings from that of other living things is their unique aptitude for perceiving what is good and evil, what is proper and improper, and so on. The being-with-one-another of such beings (i.e., beings that are in the world in such a way that they speak with it) makes for household and πóλις. [GA18:46]

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