====== Tratado 27 (IV, 3) - Psychological Questions. (Guthrie) ====== === FOURTH ENNEAD, BOOK THREE. === === Psychological Questions. === A. ARE NOT ALL SOULS PARTS OR EMANATIONS OF A SINGLE SOUL ? * psychology obeys the precept "know thyself," and shows how we are temples of the divinity. * are individual souls emanations of the universal soul? * conformity to the universal soul implies that they are not parts of her. * limitations to the use of the term "parts," in physical things. * when applied to incorporeal things, "parts" have different senses. * such mathematical senses cannot be applied to the soul. * actual division into parts would be tantamount to a denial of the whole. * nor is the soul a part in the sense that one proposition is a part of a science. * the difference of functions of the world-soul and individual souls makes entire division between them impossible. * are individual souls part of the world-soul as is the local consciousness of some part of the body to the whole consciousness? * study of the question by observation of the human organism. * intellectual difficulty of the soul being one and yet in all beings. * the healthy soul can work, the sick soul is devoted to her body. * souls retain both their unity and differences on different levels. * souls develop manifoldness just as intelligence does. * why should creation be predicated of the universal soul and not of the human? * the world-soul alone creates because she remains nearest the intelligible world. * difference between individual and universal souls. * sympathy between individual and universal soul comes from common source. * difference between souls. * like the divinity, the soul is always one. * soul powers remain the same throughout all changes of body. B. WHY AND HOW DO SOULS DESCEND INTO BODIES? * two kinds of transmigration. * study of first incarnation. * how the universe is animated by the world soul. * the world-soul progressively informs all things. * the universal soul as model of reason, as intermediary and interpreter. * souls are not cut off from intelligence during their descent and ascent. * why souls take on different kinds of bodies. * how souls come to descend. * by a pun on "world" and "adornment," plotinos shows men add to the beauty of the world. * by a pun on "prometheus" and "providence," plotinos employs the myth of pandora. * why many souls succumb to the law of the order of the universe. * the significance of misfortunes and punishments. * from the intelligible world, souls first go into heaven. * the descending graduations of existence. C. DOES THE SOUL EMPLOY DISCURSIVE REASON WHILE DISCARNATE? * the soul does not use discursive reason except while hindered by the obstacles of the body. * the soul can reason intuitionally without ratiocination. D. HOW CAN THE SOUL SIMULTANEOUSLY BE DIVISIBLE AND INDIVISIBLE? * a decision will depend on the meaning of the terms. * the body needs the soul for life. * sense, growth and emotion tend towards divisibility. * the soul as a whole of two distinct divisible and indivisible parts. E. RELATIONS BETWEEN SOUL AND BODY. * if functions are not localized the soul will not seem entirely within us. * space is corporeal; the body is within the soul. * nor is the body a vase, for proximate transmission of the soul. * many metaphysical objections to the conception of soul as localized. * nor is the soul in the body as a quality in a substrate. * nor is the soul in the body as a part in the whole. * nor is the soul in the body as a whole in a part. * nor will the soul be in the body as form in matter. * the soul is said to be in the body because the body alone is visible. * this leaves the question of the manner of the soul's presence. * the soul in a body as a pilot in a ship. * the soul present in the body as light in air. * while the soul-power is everywhere, the principle of action is localized in the special organ. * reason is in the head, but not in the brain, which is the seat of the intermediary, the power of sensation. * growth is localized in the liver, anger in the heart. F. WHERE GOES THE SOUL AFTER DEATH? * the soul after death goes to the place suited to it by retribution. * pure incorporeal souls dwell within intelligence in divinity. G. WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS OF THE OPERATION OF MEMORY AND IMAGINATION? * cosmic questions about memory depend on exact definition of what memory is. * memory inapplicable except to beings subject to limitations of time. * there is a timeless memory consisting of self-consciousness. * definition of memory depends on whether it belongs to the soul or organism. * the psychology of sensation. * in any case memory is peculiar to the soul and body * memory belongs to the soul alone. * memory belongs both to the divine soul, and to that derived from the world-soul. * what the rational soul, if separated, would remember of life. * memory does not belong to appetite, because it may be reduced to sensation. * what appetite keeps is an affection, but not a memory. * memory does not belong to the faculty of sensation. * memory does not belong exclusively to the power of perception. * memory is not identical with feeling or reasoning. * memory belongs to imagination. * intellectual conceptions are not entirely preserved by imagination. * the two kinds of memory imply two kinds of imagination. * of the two imaginations one always predominates or overshadows the other. * partition of the fund of memory between the two souls.