Obra do século XIX, mas consagrada por ser de um dos grandes estudiosos da tradição grega, Eduard Zeller. Plato and the older academy

CHAPTER I. PLATO'S LIFE. Childhood and Youth Relation to Socrates Sojourn at Megara. Travels Teaching in the Academy Attitude to Politics. Second and third Sicilian journeys Death Character

CHAPTER II. PLATO'S WRITINGS. General Enquiry into the State of our Collection ; its Completeness Genuineness External Evidence References of Aristotle Review of these Value of their Testimony Criterion of Authenticity in Platonic Writings Particular Dialogues Plato's Writings the Records of his Philosophy

CHAPTER III. THE ORDER OF THE PLATONIC WORKS. Scope and Design of the Enquiry Early Attempts at an Arrangement of the Writings Schleiermacher Hermann Their Followers Standard of Criticism Its application to our Collection Early Works Gorgias, Meno, Thesetetus, Euthydemus, Phiedrus Sophist, Politicus, Parmenides, Philebus, Euthydemus, Cratylus, Symposium, Phedo Republic, Tinuous, Critias, Laws

CHAPTER IV. CHARACTER, METHOD, AND DIVISION OF PLATO PHILOSOPHY Character in relation to Socrates To the pre-Socratics Dialeclic Method Form of Plato's Writings. Philosophic Dialogue Connection with the Personality of Socrates Myths Division of the System

CHAPTER V. PROPEDEUTIC GROUNDWORK OF PLATO'S DOCTRINE 1. Ordinary Consciousness. Its Theoretic Side Its Practical Side 2. Sophistic Doctrine. Its Theory of Knowledge Its Ethics Sophistic as a Whole 3. Philosophy The Philosophic Impulse, Eros The Philosophic Method, Dialectic Its Elements; Formation of Concepts Classification Logical Determinations Language Philosophy as a Whole ; Stages of Philosophic Development

CHAPTER VI. DIALECTIC, OR THE DOCTRINE OF IDEAS 1. The Doctrine of Ideas founded upon that of Knowledge And of Being Proofs as given by Aristotle Historic Origin of the Doctrine 2. Concept of Ideas Ideas as Universais or Genera As Substances As Concrete Unities Or Numbers As Living Powers 3. The World of Ideas Extent Subdivisions The most Universal categories The Highest Idea, the Good, and God

CHAPTER VII. PHYSICS. General Causes of lhe World of Phenomena 1. Matter. Its Derivation Description of Matter Not a Primeval, Corporeal Substance Not the Product of Envisagement or Opinion Out of Space Ditliculties of this Theory 2. Relation of Sensible Objects to the Idea Immanence of Things in Ideas No derivation of the World of Sense Reasons against the Identification of Matter with the Unlimited in the Ideas Lacuna in the System at this point Participation of things in Ideas Reason and Necessity ; Physical and Final Causes . 3. The World-Soul Connection of this Doctrine with Plato's whole System Nature of the Soul The Soul and the Mathematical Principle The Soul as the Cause of Motion And of Knowledge

CHAPTER VIII. PHYSICS (CONTINUED). The World-System and its Parts How far these Discussions arc valuable and important 1. The Origin of the World. Question of its beginning in Time 2. Formation of the Elements. Teleological Derivation Physical Derivation Properties, Distribution, Admixture, Motion, Decomposition 3. The World-System ; the Heavenly Bodies ; Time ; the Cosmical Year The World as the Become (Gcwordene) God

CHAPTER IX. PHYSICS (CONTINUED). Man Nature of the Human Soul ' Its Mythical History Dogmatic Element in this mode of Representation Immortality Pre-existenco Recollection, Transmigration, and Future Retribution Parts of the Soul Freewill Relation of the Soul to the Body Physiological Theories Plants and Animals Difference of Sex Diseases

CHAPTER X. ETHICS 1. The Highest Good Withdrawal from the World of Sense Relative Value ascribed to it 2. Virtue Virtue and Happiness Socratic and Platonic Doctrine of Virtue Natural Disposition Customary and Philosophic Virtue Plurality of Virtues ; Primary Virtues The Distinctive Peculiarities of Plato's Ethics

CHAPTER XI. ETHICS (CONTINUED). The State End and Problem of the State Philosophy as the Condition of the true State The Constitution of the State Importance of Public Institutions ; aristocratic character of the Platonic Constitution Separation and Relation of Classes This Constitution based upon Plato's whole System Social Regulations ; Parentage Education Citizens' Manner of Life; Community of Goods, Wives, and Children Significance of this Political Ideal from Plato's Point of View. Influences that led him to it Its affinity with the Modern State Defective States

CHAPTER XII. PLATO'S VIEWS ON RELIGION AND ART 1. Religion. The Religion of the Philosopher; Purification of the Popular Faith Visible Gods Popular Religion General Result 2. Art The Beautiful Artistic Inspiration Imitation Supervision of Art Particular Arts Rhetoric

CHAPTER XIII. THE LATER FORM OF PLATONIC DOCTRINE. The laws The Platonic Doctrine according to Aristotle The Laws. Point of View Philosophy less prominent Religious Character Importance of Mathematics Ethics Particular Legislation Politics Constitution Social Regulations General Character of the Laws ; Divergences from Plato's original Point of View—the Evil World-Soul Authenticity

CHAPTER XIV. THE OLDER ACADEMY. SPEUSIPPUS. Platonic School. External History Character of its Philosophy Speusippus' Theory of Knowledge First Principles ; the Good and the Soul Numbers Magnitudes Fragments of his Physics Ethics

CHAPTER XV. THE OLDER ACADEMY (CONTINUED). XENOCRATES Divisions of Philosophy Kinds and Stages of Knowledge First Principles Number and Ideas Spatial Magnitudes The Soul Cosmology Gods and Demons Elements. Formation of the World Psychology Ethics

CHAPTER XVI. OTHER PHILOSOPHERS OF THE ACADEMY Metaphysical Enquiries Heraclides Eudoxus The Epinomis Polemo Cratea, Crantor