I answer, Socrates, he said, that all these qualities are parts of virtue, and that four out of the five are to some extent similar, and that the fifth of them, which is courage, is very different from the other four, as I prove in this way : You may observe that many men are utterly unrighteous, unholy, intemperate, ignorant, who are nevertheless remarkable for their courage.
Stop, I said ; I should like to think about that. When you speak of brave men, do you mean the confident, or another sort of nature ?
Yes, he said ; I mean the impetuous, ready to go at that which others are afraid to approach.
In the next place, you would affirm virtue to be a good thing, of which good thing you assert yourself to be a teacher.
Yes, he said ; I should say the best of all things, if I am in my right mind.
And is it partly good and partly bad, I said, or wholly good ?
Wholly good, and in the highest degree.
Tell me then ; who are they who have confidence when diving into a well ?
I should say, the divers.
And the reason of this is that they have knowledge ?
Yes, that is the reason.
And who have confidence when fighting on horseback — the skilled horseman or the unskilled ?
The skilled.
And who when fighting with light shields — the peltasts or the nonpeltasts ?
The peltasts. And that is true of all other things, he said, if that is your point : those who have knowledge are more confident than those who have no knowledge, and they are more confident after they have learned than before.
And have you not seen persons utterly ignorant, I said, of these things, and yet confident about them ?
Yes, he said, I have seen such persons far too confident.
And are not these confident persons also courageous ?
In that case, he replied, courage would be a base thing, for the men of whom we are speaking are surely madmen.
Then who are the courageous ? Are they not the confident ?
Yes, he said ; to that statement I adhere.
And those, I said, who are thus confident without knowledge are really not courageous, but mad ; and in that case the wisest are also the most confident, and being the most confident are also the bravest, and upon that view again wisdom will be courage.