Míguez
3. Pero vengamos ahora al alma humana, a esa alma que, según se dice, está por entero en el cuerpo, donde se ve sometida al mal y al sufrimiento, viviendo entonces en la aflicción y en el deseo, en el temor y en todos los demás males. ¿No es el cuerpo para ella una prisión y una tumba, y el mundo a su vez una caverna y un antro? ¿Y no difiere este pensamiento de las causas a que antes nos referíamos? Pero es que, verdaderamente, no se trata de las mismas causas que ahora tratamos. En realidad, tanto la inteligencia del todo como las otras inteligencias se hallan en esa región que llamamos el mundo inteligible, el cual contiene no sólo las potencias inteligibles sino también las inteligencias individuales, puesto que la inteligencia no es de hecho una sola sino una y múltiple. Las almas, pues, deben ser también unas y múltiples, y de un alma única podrán provenir almas unas y múltiples, al modo como de un género único provienen igualmente las distintas especies, tanto las superiores como las inferiores. Unas, cierto es, serán mucho más inteligentes, y otras, en cambio, dispondrán de menos inteligencia en acto. Porque en el mundo inteligible se da una inteligencia que, al igual que un gran ser viviente, contiene en su poder a todos los demás seres. Pero algunas inteligencias contienen en acto lo que otras inteligencias contienen en potencia. Como si una ciudad que posee un alma abarcase a su vez cuantos habitan en ella, dotados también de un alma. Es claro que el alma de la ciudad tendría que ser más perfecta y más poderosa, aunque nada impidiese que las otras almas fuesen de su misma naturaleza. Otro ejemplo sería el de la totalidad de un fuego, del que proviniesen un fuego grande y otros fuegos mucho más pequeños. Naturalmente, la esencia del fuego la constituye la totalidad del fuego, o mejor aún esa realidad de la que proviene el fuego todo. Del mismo modo, la ocupación del alma razonable se sitúa en el pensar, pero no tan sólo en el pensar, porque, en ese caso, ¿qué la diferenciaría de la inteligencia? Al añadir a su actividad intelectual algo que constituye su realidad más característica, el alma ya no permanece sólo como inteligencia sino que desempeña una función que, como todas las demás, la vincula a los otros seres. Mirando a la realidad que es anterior a ella, piensa; (mirando) hacia sí misma, se conserva, y dirigiéndose a lo que viene después de ella, ordena, gobierna y manda. Porque no es posible detenerse en lo inteligible, si realmente puede producirse algo posterior a él, algo que, aun siendo inferior, ha de existir necesariamente, si esa realidad anterior es igualmente necesaria.
Bouillet
La fonction de l’âme raisonnable est de penser, mais elle ne se borne pas à penser. Sans cela, en quoi l’âme différerait-elle de l’Intelligence? Au caractère d’être intellectuelle, l’âme joint un autre caractère, dans lequel consiste sa nature propre, et en vertu duquel elle ne reste pas simple intelligence : elle a sa fonction propre, comme tout être. En élevant ses regards sur ce qui lui est supérieur, elle pense ; en les reportant sur elle-même, elle se conserve; en les abaissant sur ce qui lui est inférieur, elle l’orne, l’administre, le gouverne. Il ne fallait pas que toutes choses restassent en repos dans le monde intelligible, puisqu’il pouvait en sortir successivement une série variée d’êtres, qui sans doute sont moins parfaits que ce qui les précède, mais qui néanmoins existent nécessairement tant que dure le principe dont ils procèdent (25).
Guthrie
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMAN AND COSMIC INCARNATION.
3. Consider now the human soul which undergoes numberless ills while in the body, eking out a miserable existence, a prey to griefs, desires, fears, sufferings of all kinds, for whom the body is a tomb, and the sense-world a “cave” or “grotto.” This difference of opinions about the condition of the universal Soul and the human soul is not contradictory, because these two souls do not have the same reasons for descent into a body. To begin with, the location of thought, that we call the intelligible world, contains not only the entire universal Intelligence, but also the intellectual powers, and the particular intelligences comprised within the universal Intelligence; since there is not only a single intelligence, but a simultaneously single and plural intelligence. Consequently, it must also have contained a single Soul, and a plurality of souls; and it was from the single Soul, that the multiple particular and different souls had to be born, as from one and the same genus are derived species that are both superior and inferior, and more or less intellectual. Indeed, in the intelligible world, there is, on one hand, the (universal) Intelligence which, like some great animal, potentially contains the other intelligences. On the other hand, are the individual intelligences, each of which possess in actualization what the former contains potentially. We may illustrate by a living city that would contain other living cities. The soul of the universal City would be more perfect and powerful; but nothing would hinder the souls of the other cities from being of the same kind. Similarly, in the universal Fire, there is on one hand a great fire, and on the other small fires, while the universal Being is the being of the universal Fire, or rather, is the source from which the being of the universal Fire proceeds.
THE RATIONAL SOUL POSSESSES ALSO AN INDIVIDUALITY.
The function of the rational soul is to think, but she does not limit herself to thinking. Otherwise there would be no difference between her and intelligence. Besides her intellectual characteristics, the soul’s characteristic nature, by virtue of which she does not remain mere intelligence, has a further individual function, such as is possessed by every other being. By raising her glance to what is superior to her, she thinks; by bringing them down to herself, she preserves herself; by lowering them to what is inferior to her, she adorns it, administers it, and governs it. All these things were not to remain immovable in the intelligible world, to permit of a successive issue of varied beings, which no doubt are less perfect than that which preceded them, but which, nevertheless, exist necessarily during the persistence of the Principle from which they proceed.
MacKenna
3. The Human Soul, next;
Everywhere we hear of it as in bitter and miserable durance in body, a victim to troubles and desires and fears and all forms of evil, the body its prison or its tomb, the kosmos its cave or cavern.
Now this does not clash with the first theory [that of the impassivity of soul as in the All]; for the descent of the human Soul has not been due to the same causes [as that of the All-Soul.]
All that is Intellectual-Principle has its being – whole and all – in the place of Intellection, what we call the Intellectual Kosmos: but there exist, too, the intellective powers included in its being, and the separate intelligences – for the Intellectual-Principle is not merely one; it is one and many. In the same way there must be both many souls and one, the one being the source of the differing many just as from one genus there rise various species, better and worse, some of the more intellectual order, others less effectively so.
In the Intellectual-Principle a distinction is to be made: there is the Intellectual-Principle itself, which like some huge living organism contains potentially all the other forms; and there are the forms thus potentially included now realized as individuals. We may think of it as a city which itself has soul and life, and includes, also, other forms of life; the living city is the more perfect and powerful, but those lesser forms, in spite of all, share in the one same living quality: or, another illustration, from fire, the universal, proceed both the great fire and the minor fires; yet all have the one common essence, that of fire the universal, or, more exactly, participate in that from which the essence of the universal fire proceeds.
No doubt the task of the soul, in its more emphatically reasoning phase, is intellection: but it must have another as well, or it would be undistinguishable from the Intellectual-Principle. To its quality of being intellective it adds the quality by which it attains its particular manner of being: remaining, therefore, an Intellectual-Principle, it has thenceforth its own task too, as everything must that exists among real beings.
It looks towards its higher and has intellection; towards itself and conserves its peculiar being; towards its lower and orders, administers, governs.
The total of things could not have remained stationary in the Intellectual Kosmos, once there was the possibility of continuous variety, of beings inferior but as necessarily existent as their superiors.