Míguez
4. Todo lo que se ha dicho hasta ahora nos induce a no admirarnos respecto a la unidad de las almas. Pero esa misma razón nos exige que investiguemos cómo todas ellas forman una sola alma. ¿Acaso ocurre así porque todas las almas provienen de una sola? En ese caso, ¿es esa alma única la que se divide para dar lugar a las otras almas, o bien permaneciendo tal cual se produce, sin embargo, por sí misma la pluralidad de las demás almas? Pero, si permaneciese tal cual es, ¿cómo podría sacar de sí una pluralidad de seres? Tendremos que invocar en nuestra ayuda la autoridad de un dios para poder mostrar que, si hay muchas sustancias, hubo de existir antes una sustancia única, de la que necesariamente han de provenir aquéllas. Si esta alma única fuese un cuerpo, la multiplicidad de las otras almas provendría necesariamente de la división de este cuerpo en partes. Entonces el alma única sería la sustancia total que daría origen a las demás almas. Siendo ella homogénea, todas las demás almas tendrían que serlo también, debiendo contar en totalidad con una sola y única esencia, lo cual haría que se diferenciasen tan sólo por su masa. Si las almas son tales almas por razón de sus masas, no hay duda alguna de que unas y otras son diferentes; si, en cambio, son lo que son gracias a su esencia, entonces componen todas una sola alma. O, lo que es igual, en los cuerpos múltiples se da una misma y única alma. Pero, antes de que esta alma se extienda por la multiplicidad de los cuerpos, otra alma existe fuera de ellos. Y, precisamente, el alma que se encuentra en los cuerpos múltiples es como una imagen que proviene de aquélla, cual reflejo multiplicado de un alma que sigue siendo una. No otra cosa ocurriría con varios trozos de cera que recibiesen la misma huella. De ser cierta la primera hipótesis, el alma se consumiría en múltiples puntos; de serlo, por el contrario, la segunda, el alma carecería de cuerpo y sería, todo lo más, la afección de un cuerpo, sin que debiese sorprendernos que esta cualidad única, proveniente de un cuerpo, existiese luego en muchos otros. Pero el alma podría ser también tal alma por una y otra causa, esto es, en razón de su masa y de su esencia; entonces, claro es, su división no podría resultarnos extraña. Sin embargo, nosotros hablábamos del alma como de una sustancia incorpórea.
Bouillet
Après avoir invoqué le secours de Dieu, disons que l’existence de l’Âme une est la condition de l’existence de la multitude des âmes, et que cette multitude doit procéder de l’Âme qui est une.
Si l’Âme une était un corps, nécessairement la division de ce corps produirait la multitude des âmes, et cette essence serait différente dans ses différentes parties. Cependant, comme cette essence serait homogène, les âmes [entre lesquelles elle se diviserait] seraient conformes entre elles, parce qu’elles posséderaient une forme une et identique dans sa totalité, mais elles différeraient par leurs corps. Si l’essence de ces âmes consistait dans les corps qui leur serviraient de sujets, elles seraient différentes les unes des autres; si l’essence de ces âmes consistait dans leur forme, elles ne seraient toutes qu’une seule âme par leur forme: en d’autres termes, il n’y aurait qu’une seule et même âme dans la multitude des corps. En outre, au-dessus de cette âme qui serait une, mais qui serait répandue dans la multitude des corps, il y aurait une autre Âme qui ne serait pas répandue dans la multitude des corps; c’est d’elle que procéderait l’âme qui serait l’unité dans la pluralité , l’image multiple de l’Âme une dans un corps un, comme un seul cachet en imprimant une même figure à une multitude de morceaux de cire se trouverait distribuer cette figure en une multitude d’empreintes. Dans ce cas [si l’essence de l’âme consistait dans sa forme], l’âme serait quelque chose d’incorporel, et comme elle consisterait dans une affection du corps (πάθημα), il n’y aurait rien d’étonnant à ce qu’une qualité unique, émanée d’un principe unique, pût être à la fois en une multitude de sujets. Enfin, si l’essence de l’âme consistait à être les deux choses [à être à la fois une partie d’un corps homogène et une affection de ce corps], il n’y aurait encore rien d’étonnant [à ce qu’il y eût unité d’essence dans une multitude de sujets]. Maintenant, nous admettons que l’âme est incorporelle, qu’elle est une essence, et nous allons considérer ce qui résulte de là.
Guthrie
THE UNITY OF THE SOULS IS A CONDITION OF THEIR MULTIPLICITY.
4. Such justifications will preclude surprise at our deriving all souls from unity. But completeness of treatment demands explanation how all souls are but a single one. Is this due to their proceeding from a single Soul, or because they all form a single one? If all proceed from a single one, did this one divide herself, or did she remain whole, while begetting the multitude of souls? In this case, how could an essence beget a multitude like her, while herself remaining undiminished? We shall invoke the help of the divinity (in solving this problem); and say that the existence of the one single Soul is the condition of the existence of the multitude of souls, and that this multitude must proceed from the Soul that is one.
THE SOUL CAN BEGET MANY BECAUSE SHE IS AN INCORPOREAL ESSENCE.
If the Soul were a body, then would the division of this body necessarily produce the multitude of souls, and this essence would be different in its different parts. Nevertheless, as this essence would be homogeneous, the souls (between which it would divide itself) would be similar to each other, because they would possess a single identical form in its totality, but they would differ by their body. If the essence of these souls consisted in the bodies which would serve them as subjects, they would be different from each other. If the essence of these souls consisted in their form, they would, in form, be but one single form; in other terms, there would be but one same single soul in a multitude of bodies. Besides, above this soul which would be one, but which would be spread abroad in the multitude of bodies, there would be another Soul which would not be spread abroad in the multitude of bodies; it would be from her that would proceed the soul which would be the unity in plurality, the multiple image of the single Soul in a single body, like a single seal, by impressing the same figure to a multitude of pieces of wax, would be distributing this figure in a multitude of impressions. In this case (if the essence of the soul consisted in her form) the soul would be something incorporeal, and as she would consist in an affection of the body, there would be nothing astonishing in that a single quality, emanating from a single principle, might be in a multitude of subjects simultaneously. Last, if the essence of the soul consisted in being both things (being simultaneously a part of a homogeneous body and an affection of the body), there would be nothing surprising (if there were a unity of essence in a multitude of subjects). We have thus shown that the soul is incorporeal, and an essence; we must now consider the results of this view.
MacKenna
4. These reflections should show that there is nothing strange in that reduction of all souls to one. But it is still necessary to enquire into the mode and conditions of the unity.
Is it the unity of origin in a unity? And if so, is the one divided or does it remain entire and yet produce variety? and how can an essential being, while remaining its one self, bring forth others?
Invoking God to become our helper, let us assert, that the very existence of many souls makes certain that there is first one from which the many rise.
Let us suppose, even, the first soul to be corporeal.
Then [by the nature of body] the many souls could result only from the splitting up of that entity, each an entirely different substance: if this body-soul be uniform in kind, each of the resultant souls must be of the one kind; they will all carry the one Form undividedly and will differ only in their volumes. Now, if their being souls depended upon their volumes they would be distinct; but if it is ideal-form that makes them souls, then all are, in virtue of this Idea, one.
But this is simply saying that there is one identical soul dispersed among many bodies, and that, preceding this, there is yet another not thus dispersed, the source of the soul in dispersion which may be thought of as a widely repeated image of the soul in unity – much as a multitude of seals bear the impression of one ring. By that first mode the soul is a unit broken up into a variety of points: in the second mode it is incorporeal. Similarly if the soul were a condition or modification of body, we could not wonder that this quality – this one thing from one source – should be present in many objects. The same reasoning would apply if soul were an effect [or manifestation] of the Conjoint.
We, of course, hold it to be bodiless, an essential existence.